异质性水分环境中克隆整合对活血丹生物量分配及叶片结构特征的影响

喀斯特石漠化环境有着高度的生境异质性,异质性生境中土被不连续,土壤瘠薄,岩溶漏斗上的土壤保水性差,严重制约着喀斯特植被的生长及分布。为探究克隆植物在喀斯特地区的适应策略,本研究以喀斯特黄色石灰土为基质,选用克隆植物活血丹（Glechoma longituba）,以一个节间连接的两个分株为材料,保持节间连接或切断,种植于相邻花盆中,并施以不同浇水量,以明确不同水分可用性水平下克隆整合对活血丹生物量积累、生物量分配、叶片气孔及叶片组织特征的影响。结果显示,克隆整合显著促进活血丹生物量的积累及对根、叶的生物量分配;增加了活血丹叶气孔导度,降低了气孔指数;叶海绵组织受克隆整合影响较小,但栅栏组织及栅海比（栅栏组织/海绵组织）表现为非整合分株高于整合分株。本研究表明,克隆整合可增加活血丹胁迫分株对根、叶的投资,并以更佳的叶气孔、组织适应策略提高其在喀斯特生境中的生存与适应。     

The Promises and the Challenges of Biotransformations in Microflow

The challenges of transition toward the postpetroleum world shed light on the biocatalysis as the most sustainable way for the valorization of biobased raw materials. However, its industrial exploitation strongly relies on integration with innovative technologies such as microscale processing. Microflow devices remarkably accelerate biocatalyst screening and engineering, as well as evaluation of process parameters, and intensify biocatalytic processes in multiphase systems. The inherent feature of microfluidic devices to operate in a continuous mode brings additional interest for their use in chemoenzymatic cascade systems and in connection with the downstream processing units. Further steps toward automation and analytics integration, as well as computer‐assisted process development, will significantly affect the industrial implementation of biocatalysis and fulfill the promises of the bioeconomy. This review provides an overview of recent examples on implementation of microfluidic devices into various stages of biocatalytic process development comprising ultrahigh‐throughput biocatalyst screening, highly efficient biocatalytic process design including specific immobilization techniques for long‐term biocatalyst use, integration with other (bio)chemical steps, and/or downstream processing.     

Genetic diversity among perennial wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff., in the Mekong Delta

Oryza rufipogon Griff. is a perennial species of wild rice widely distributed along the channels and rivers of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. This study attempted to find centers of diversity among wild rice populations in this area and their inter‐relationships. The highest genetic diversity was found in the Dong Thap population and the lowest in the Can Tho population. Maternal diversity evaluated using chloroplast INDELs detected ten plastid types, five of which were novel relative to other Asian countries. The mitochondrial genome suggested two unique deletions. One 699‐bp deletion via short tandem repeats was accompanied by another deletion including orf153. All accessions carrying the mitochondrial type were found in a particular plastid type. This unique maternal lineage was confined to specific channels where it showed vigorous vegetative growth in comparison to upstream areas where various maternal lineages and maximum genetic diversity occurred. This area along the Mekong Delta is a center of not only nuclear but also maternal diversity.     

Utilizing a regulated targeted integration cell line development approach to systematically investigate what makes an antibody difficult to express

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are conventionally used to generate therapeutic cell lines via random integration (RI), where desired transgenes are stably integrated into the genome. Targeted integration (TI) approaches, which involve integration of a transgene into a specific locus in the genome, are increasingly utilized for CHO cell line development (CLD) in recent years. None of these CLD approaches, however, are suitable for expression of toxic or difficult-to-express molecules, or for determining the underlying causes for poor expression of some molecules. Here we introduce a regulated target integration (RTI) system, where the desired transgene is integrated into a specific locus and transcribed under a regulated promoter. This system was used to determine the underlying causes of low protein expression for a difficult-to-express antibody (mAb-A). Interestingly, we observed that both antibody heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) subunits of mAb-A independently contributed to its low expression. Analysis of RTI cell lines also revealed that while mAb-A LC triggered accumulation of intracellular BiP, its HC displayed impaired degradation and clearance. RTI pools, generated by swapping the WT or point-mutant versions of difficult-to-express antibody HC and LC with that of an average antibody, were instrumental in understanding the contribution of HC and LC subunits to the overall antibody expression. The ability to selectively turn off the expression of a target transgene in an RTI system could help to directly link expression of a transgene to an observed adverse effect. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2772, 2019.     

Integration of ground survey and remote sensing derived data: Producing robust indicators of habitat extent and condition

The availability of suitable habitat is a key predictor of the changing status of biodiversity. Quantifying habitat availability over large spatial scales is, however, challenging. Although remote sensing techniques have high spatial coverage, there is uncertainty associated with these estimates due to errors in classification. Alternatively, the extent of habitats can be estimated from ground‐based field survey. Financial and logistical constraints mean that on‐the‐ground surveys have much lower coverage, but they can produce much higher quality estimates of habitat extent in the areas that are surveyed. Here, we demonstrate a new combined model which uses both types of data to produce unified national estimates of the extent of four key habitats across Great Britain based on Countryside Survey and Land Cover Map. This approach considers that the true proportion of habitat per km² (Z_i) is unobserved, but both ground survey and remote sensing can be used to estimate Z_i. The model allows the relationship between remote sensing data and Z_i to be spatially biased while ground survey is assumed to be unbiased. Taking a statistical model‐based approach to integrating field survey and remote sensing data allows for information on bias and precision to be captured and propagated such that estimates produced and parameters estimated are robust and interpretable. A simulation study shows that the combined model should perform best when error in the ground survey data is low. We use repeat surveys to parameterize the variance of ground survey data and demonstrate that error in this data source is small. The model produced revised national estimates of broadleaved woodland, arable land, bog, and fen, marsh and swamp extent across Britain in 2007.     

Evolution of Relapse-Proficient Subclones Constrained by Collateral Sensitivity to Oncogene Overdose in Wnt-Driven Mammary Cancer

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Signal Integration by Shadow Enhancers and Enhancer Duplications Varies across the Drosophila Embryo

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克隆和有性亲体效应及其调控机制

植物表型受自身基因型、所处环境及其亲体所经历环境的共同影响;其中,亲体环境对子代表型的影响被称为亲体效应。亲体效应不仅可通过有性繁殖产生的种子传递给后代（即有性亲体效应）,也可以通过克隆生长等无性繁殖产生的分株传递给后代（即克隆亲体效应）。亲体效应对植物种群,特别是对有性繁殖受限、缺乏遗传变异的克隆植物种群的长期进化可能发挥着极其重要的作用,因此,对亲体效应研究进展的梳理非常必要。对克隆亲体效应和有性亲体效应的内涵进行了阐释,并论述了克隆和有性亲体效应对子代表型、适合度、种内/种间竞争能力以及种群/群落结构和功能的潜在影响;阐述了亲体效应的潜在调控机制,包括供给机制、代谢物质调控机制、表观遗传机制等;论述了克隆亲体效应在克隆植物适应进化中的作用。未来可以就克隆亲体效应的遗传稳定性及其对克隆生活史性状变异的贡献程度,以及克隆和有性亲体效应引起的表型多样性对种内/种间关系、种群/群落多样性及生态系统结构、功能和稳定性的影响开展深入研究。     

湿热河谷芭蕉群落优势物种空间分布格局与竞争对称性研究

竞争关系的对称性是塑造植物物种空间分布格局和影响物种共存重要机制之一,对其开展研究不仅对于揭示植物群落构建机制具有重要意义,也有助于解析群落演替的驱动力。在贵州赤水湿热河谷内的芭蕉群落中建设固定样地,对1989棵植物个体进行空间定位和物种识别并记录胸径等个体属性。采用对数相关函数和标记变异系数分析（marked variogram）等空间统计方法检测优势种的空间分布格局和竞争对称性,结果如下：（1）芭蕉（Musa sp.）,粗糠柴（M.philippensis）,粗叶木（L.chinensis）,川钓樟（L.pulcherrima）,红果黄肉楠（A.cupularis）等5种优势种均表现为小尺度下的种内聚集分布,其中芭蕉主要采用克隆繁殖,其重要值达33.6%,且种内聚集度最大。（2）芭蕉种群在5 m尺度下呈现出显著的种内对称性竞争,这一竞争过程减少了种群自疏作用并推动种内聚集分布格局的形成,增加了该种群在森林中的生存力。（3）芭蕉与其余4种优势种之间的不对称竞争过程导致了种间负关联。结果表明,不同优势种在种间竞争对称性上的差异说明了植物种群繁殖和扩散方式是群落构建的重要影响因素之一,相比于有性繁殖过程,采用无性克隆繁殖的植物个体可通过种内对称竞争机制来减少自疏以增加种群生存力,并通过与相邻异种个体的不对称竞争过程来提升种群获取有限资源的能力,进而成为演替中的优势个体。研究结果可为今后制定植物物种多样性保护政策提供科学参考。     

Opposing effects of plant growth regulators via clonal integration on apical and basal performance in alligator weed

植物生长调节剂通过克隆整合对空心莲子草顶端和基部生长的不同作用 入侵植物不仅对全球生物多样性造成了巨大的威胁,同时也严重影响了农业生产与粮食安全。克隆整合使得相连植株进行资源共享,能促进入侵植物的生长从而获得优势。然而,入侵杂草 在植物调节剂(plant growth regulators, PGRs)影响下的克隆整合作用则很少有报道。PGRs被广泛应用于 农作物生产上,并能通过土壤淋溶、侵蚀和径流作用,影响分布在作物附近的农田杂草的生长。本 研究采用两种PGRs赤霉素(gibberellins, GA)和多效唑(paclobutrazol,PAC)处理恶性入侵杂草空心莲子草 (Alternanthera philoxeroides)基端,并保持或者通过剪切达到控制基端与顶端的连通,从而探究克隆整合作用在空心莲子草响应两种农业常用PGRs中的作用。研究结果表明,GA和PAC对空心莲子草生长的作用相反。GA通过克隆整合作用显著促进顶端植株的地上生长。相反地,PAC显著抑制基端和顶端的地 上生长,但是能够通过克隆整合作用显著促进基端和顶端的地下生长。这些研究结果解释了克隆整合作用能促进PGRs对空心莲子草生长的促进作用,这很可能是外来杂草能够成功入侵人为干扰较多的农业生态系统的重要原因之一。